Stale Aid to Consolidated 
Graded and Rural Schools 

AiniuN< first, Ninete<*u liimdrod and eleven 



iMHiieti (ly (tit- Departuieut uf 
F.durntioii of North Dakota 



• .\I E F-RiNT rnv 



State Aid to Consolidated 
Graded and Rviral Schools 

August first. Nineteen hundred ^nd eleven 



Issued by the Department of 
Education of ]North Dakota 



KNIGHT PRINTING CO., FARGO 
STATE PRINTERS 



>*^ 



v^^< 



% 



\^ 



A 



LAW PROVIDING FOR AID TO CONSOLIDATED, GRADED 
AND RURAL SCHOOLS. 



Sec. 1. Purpose.] The purpose of this act shall be to aid, 
encourage, stimulate, and standardize the rural and smaller 
graded schools of this state and thereby increase the efficiency 
of the entire educational system of this state. 

Sec. 2. Graded, Consolidated and Rural Schools May Obtain 
State Aid.] Anj^ public school in any common school district 
in the state or any public school in any city, town or village, or 
any consolidated school in the state, not entitled to aid as a state 
high school, but fully complying with the conditions of this 
act relating to state graded schools and any public school in 
any common school district in the state not located in any in- 
corporated city, town or village, or any consolidated school not 
entitled to state aid as a state high school or graded school, but 
fully complying with the conditions of this act relating to state 
rural schools, may receive aid as hereinafter provided for state 
graded schools and state rural schools. 

See. 3. Conditions To Be Complied With By State Graded 
Schools In Order To Obtain Aid.] State graded schools shall 
be of two classes, first and second class. First class: In order 
to be entitled to aid as a state graded school of the first class, 
such school shall have complied with the following conditions, 
namely : 

First, it shall have maintained for the school year next pre- 
ceding that for which aid is granted at least nine (9) months 
school. Second, it shall be well organized, having at least four 
departments under the supervision of proficient teachers. The 
principal shall be a graduate of a normal school or other insti- 
tution of higher learning or shall hold a state professional cer- 
tificate and each department of such school shall be taught by 
a teaclier having at least a first grade elementary certificate or 
better. Third, it sliall have a suitable school building properly 
lighted, heated and ventilated, sanitary and commodious outhouses 
and other necessary accommodations, libraiy and such other 
apparatus as is necessary to do efficient work. Fourth, such 
school shall have a regular and orderly course of study, and 
shall include the first two years of a high school course, as 
.suggested l)y the state liigli scliool board as well as courses in 
domestic science, manual training and elementary agriculture 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



and shall comply with such rules as may be established by the 
state superintendent of public instruction. 

Second Class: In order to be entitled to aid as a state 
graded school of the second class, such school shall have complied 
with the following conditions, viz : 

First, it shall have maintained for the school year next 
preceding that for which aid is granted at least nine (9) months 
school. Second, it shall be well organized, having at least two 
departments under the supervision of proficient teachers. The 
principal shall be a graduate of a normal school or other insti- 
tution of higher learning or shall hold a state professional certi- 
ficate, and each department of such school shall be taught by a 
teacher having a first grade elementary certificate or better. 
Third, it shall have a suitable school building, properly lighted, 
heated and ventilated; sanitary and commodious outhouses and 
other necessary accommodations, a library and such other appar- 
atus as is necessary to do efficient work. Fourth, such school 
shall have a regular and orderly course of study as prescribed in 
the state course of study for common schools, courses in domestic 
science, manual training and agriculture and shall comply with 
such rules as may be established by the state superintendent of 
public instruction. 

Sec. 4. Conditions for Obtaining Aid as a State Rural School.] 
State rural schools shall be of two classes, first and second class. 

First Qlass : In order to be entitled to aid as a state rural 
school of the first class, such school shall have complied with the 
following conditions, viz : 

First : Such school shall have maintained during the school 
year next preceding that for which aid is granted at least nine 
(9) months school. 

Second: It shall be taught by a teacher of successful ex- 
perience, holding a first grade elementary certificate or better. 

Third : It shall have a suitable school building, properly 
lighted, heated and ventilated; santiary and commodious out- 
houses and other necessary accommodations, a library and such 
other apparatus as is necessary to do efficient work. 

Fourth : Such school shall have a regular and orderly course 
of study prescribed in the state course of study for common 
schools, including elementary agriculture, and shall comply with 
such rules as may be established by the state superintendent of 
public instruction. 

Second Class : In order to be entitled to aid as a state rural 
school of the second class such school shall have complied with 
the following conditions, namely: 

First: Such school shall have maintained for the school 
year next preceding that for which aid is granted at least eight 
(8) months school. 

Second : It shall be taught by a teacher of successful ex- 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



perience holding a second grade elementary certificate or better. 

Third: It shall have a suitable school building, properly 
lighted, heated and ventilated, sanitary and commodious out- 
houses, and other necessary accommodations, library and such 
otlier apparatus as is necessary to do efficient work. 

Fourth : Such school shall have a regular and orderly course 
of study as is prescribed in the state course of study for common 
schools, including elementary agriculture and shall comply with 
such rules, as may be established by the state superintendent of 
public instruction. 

Provided, that for the purpose of this entire act, the primary 
certificate shall be considered as the equivalent of the first grade 
elementary certificate; furtlier, that except in case of the princi- 
pal teacher, the superintendent of public instruction may, in his 
discretion, recognize teachers holding second grade elementary 
certificates who have had five years of successful experience as 
eligible to teach in any of the schools contemplated by this act. 

Sec. 5. Application to be Made to the County Superintendent 
of Schools.] Applications from schools for the aid herein pro- 
vided in the case of both state graded and state rural schools shall 
be made to the county superintendent of schools of the county in 
wjiich such schools are located. The county superintendent shall 
forward to the state superintendent of public instruction such ap- 
plications as are endorsed and recommended by him, , together 
with a certificate of the superintendent of the county wherein 
the school making such application is situated, to the effect that 
sucli school has fully complied with the conditions mentioned in 
section three (3) of this act in the case of state graded schools, 
and with the conditions mentioned in section four (4) of this act 
in the case of state rural schools. 

Sec. 6 Inspection by Department of Public Instruction. In- 
spector of Rural and Graded Schools, Appointment. Salary and 
Expenses. Qualifications of Inspector.] Applications for aid of 
state graded scliools or state rural schools which have the endor- 
sement and recommendation of the superintendent of the county 
wherein such schools are located sliall be filed in the office of the 
fState superintendent of pulilic instruction and prior to tlie ap- 
portionment of any aid, under the provisions of this act, shall be 
duly inspected by an officer of the department of public instruc- 
tion known as the inspector of rural and graded schools. Such in- 
spector shall be appointed by the state superintendent of public 
instruction for a term of two years and shall receive a salary of 
$2,000 a year, together with his necessary and actual traveling ex- 
penses while in the active discharge of his duties. Such salary 
and expenses are to be paid out of the moneys appropriated for 
the purposes of this act upon presentation of vouchers properly 
verified and approved by the state superintendent of public in- 
struction and filed with the state auditor. The inspector of rural 



6 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



and graded schools shall have the educational qualifications re- 
quired by law for state superintendent of public instruction of 
schools in this s^tate. 

Sec. 7. Amount of Apportionment.] Between the first of 
August and the first of September of each year, the state super- 
intendent of public instruction shall apportion to each of said 
state graded schools which have fully complied with the provi- 
sions of this act and such additional rules as may be established 
by him, relating to state graded schools, the sum of one hundred 
fifty dollars in each year to state graded schools of the first class 
and to state graded schools of the second class the sum of one 
hundred dollars, and he shall apportion to each of the state rural 
schools which have fully complied with the provisions of 
this act and such additional rules as may be established by him 
relating to state rural schools, the sum of one hundred dollars in 
each year to each state rural school of the first class ; and to each 
state rural school of the second class, the sum of fifty dollars in 
each year ; provided, however, that in case the amount appropriat- 
ed and available shall not be sufficient to pay the amounts speci- 
fied above, then the amount available shall be apportioned pro 
rata among the schools entitled thereto and any moneys appor- 
tioned under this act shall be used solely to increase the efficiency 
of such schools. Provided, also, that but one school of each class 
in any township shall receive aid under the provisions of this act 
until all of those schools applying for aid before August first of 
each year are considered and disposed of. 

Sec. 8 Additional Aid to Consolidated Schools.] Any con- 
solidated school, meeting the requirements for a state graded 
school of the first class shall receive additional aid in the amount 
of one hundred dollars, and any consolidated school meeting the 
requirements for a state graded school of the second class shall 
receive additional aid in the amount of seventy-five dollars; fur- 
ther, any consolidated school, meeting the requirements for a 
state rural school of the first class shall receive additional aid in 
the amount of fifty dollars, and any consolidated school meeting 
the requirements for a state rural school of the second class 
shall receive additional aid in the sum of twenty-five dollars A 
consolidated school, within the meaning of this act shall be one 
organized in accordance with section 832 of the Eevised Codes of 
1905. 

Sec. 9. Records, Accounts and Rules.] The state superin- 
tendent of public instruction shall keep a record showing all 
schools applying for and receiving aid as state graded schools or 
as state rural schools in each year, and a detailed account of all 
moneys received by him and disbursed for such purposes. The 
state superintendent is also authorized to establish such addi- 
tional rules as shall be found necessary to secure uniformity and 
the best results among the schools receiving state aid. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



Section 10. Advancement of Graded Schools of the First 
Class to High Schools and Advancement of Graded Schools of the 
Second Class to Graded Schools of the First Class.] 

First Class: When any state graded school of the first class 
in this state attains such a degree of proficiency as to satisfy the 
the inspector of rural and graded schools that it has the qualifi- 
cations necessary to entitle it to be advanced to a state high 
school, such inspector may recommend the same to the state high 
school board for such advancement. If the state high school 
board is satisfied that such school has complied with all the re- 
quirements necessary to entitle it to promotion, said board may 
raise it to a state high school, entitling it to aid as such. 

Second iClass : When any state graded school of the second 
class in this state has attained such a degree of proficiency as to 
satisfy the inspector that it has the qualifications necessary to 
entitle it to be advanced to a state graded school of the first class 
such inspector may recommend the same to the state superinten- 
dent of public instruction for such advancement. If the state su- 
perintendent of public instruction is satisfied that such 
school fully complies with all the requirements necessary to en- 
title it to promotion, such superintendent may raise it to a state 
graded school of the first class, entitling it to aid as such. 

Section 11. Report of State Superintendent of Public In- 
struction.] - The state superintendent of public instruction shall 
include in his biennial report a comprehensive statement of all 
receipts and disbursements ; the names and number of schools in 
each class receiving aid; the number of pupils attending the 
classes in each and the cost of supervision of all schools receiving 
aid under this act for the years covered by such report, to which 
may be added an estimate of appropriation needed to meet the 
requirements of this act for the succeeding two years and such 
other recommendations as he may deem useful and proper. 

Section 12. Amount Appropriated for Each Class.] For the 
purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act the following 
sums are hereby appropriated annually, to be paid out of any 
moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, viz: 
For aid to state graded schools the sum of six thousand dollars 
(.1)6,000) annually. For aid to state rural schools the sum of six 
thousand dollars (.+6,000) annually and for additional aid to state 
consolidated .schools the sum of three thou.sand dollars ($3,000) 
annually. For the inspector's salary as hereinbefore provided 
the sum of two thousand dollars (.$2,000) annually and for the 
actual and necessary traveling expenses of said inspector the 
sum of five hundred dollars (^.lOO) annually, which amounts, or 
so much thereof as is necessary, shall bo paid upon tlie itemized 
vouchers, of the state superintendent of public instruction, duly 
certified and filed with the state auditor. Provided, however, 
that in case Hic amount appropriated and available under this 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



article for the payment of aid to such schools shall in any year 
be insufficient to apportion to each of such schools as are entitled 
thereto the full amount intended to be apportioned to state grad- 
ed schools, state rural schools and state consolidated schools, then, 
in such case, such amounts as are appropriated and available 
shall be apportioned pro rata among the schools entitled thereto. 
Provided, the first annual appropriations herein provided for 
such shall become available July first, 1911. 

Section 13. Repeal.] All acts and parts of acts in conflict 
with this act are hereby repealed. 

Approved March 17, 1911. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



REQUIREMENTS OF LAW AND THE DEPARTMENT OF 

EDUCATION. 



FIRST CLASS GRADED SCHOOLS. 

To be entitled to state aid as a FIRST class graded school, 
the law and tlie regulations of this department re({iiire : 

1. School Term. Must be not less than nine months during 
the school year. 

2. Departments. To be classified as a graded school of the 
first class there must be at least 4 departments. 

3. Attendance. The per cent of attendance must be not less 
than ninety. 

4. Teachers. The principal must be a graduate of a state 
Normal School or higher institution of learning or must hold a 
professional certificate or a state certificate of the first class. All 
teachers must hold First grade county or First grade elementary 
certificates, or certificates of higher rank during the entire school 
year. 

5. School Buildings. j\Iust be suitable for school purposes, 
clean, and well kept. Each school should be provided with foot- 
scrapers and mats. 

6. Equipment. Each department must be provided with : 

(a) Blackboards. At least 80 square feet — slate 

preferred. 

(b) Unabridged Dictionaries. Must be dictionary, 

recognized as a standard authority. 

(c) Abridged Dictionaries. Several copies — not less 

than five of an abridged dictionary. 

(d) Supplementary Readers. At least two complete 

sets of supplementary readers for each class or 
grade in addition to the regular basic readers. 

(e) Maps. A complete set of at least eight maps, and 

a state map, mounted on spring rollers in suit- 
able case. 

(f) Globe. A good 12-inch globe — suspension globe 

preferred. 

(g) Desks. Each room must be equipped with suit- 

able seats and desks, properly arranged, for the 
accommodation of all pupils, single seats and 
desks preferred. 



10 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



(li) Drinking Water. Each department must be sup- 
plied with a closed receptacle for the drinking 
water for the school and with individual drink- 
ing cups, unless drinking fountains are sup- 
plied. 

7. Course of Study. The state course of study for rural and 
graded schools must be followed, including the course in domes- 
tic science, manual training and agriculture. 

8. Library. Each school must have a well selected library 
of at least 100 volumes to which there must be added yearly books 
to the amount of at least $25.00. 

9. Heating and Ventilation. Each school building must be 
adequately heated and ventilated in one of the following ways : 

(a) Basement furnace properly installed. 

(b) Patented system of room heating and ventilating, 

properly constructed and installed. 

(c) Home-made system of room heating and ventilat- 

ing properly constructed an installed. 

10. Outhouses, Closets. Unless inside closets are supplied. 
Each building must have two properly built and well kept out- 
houses, some distance apart. 

11. School Grounds. Must be clean and present an orderly 
and attractive appearance. 

12. Progress. Each school must show that it has maintained 
a high standard of efficiency, and has made some improvement 
during the year. 



SECOND CLASS GRADED SCHOOLS. 

To be entitled to state aid as a SECOND class graded school, 
the law and the regulations of this department require : 

1. School Term. Must be not less than nine months during 
the school year, 

n. Departments. To be classified as a graded school of the 
Second class there must be at least 2 departments. 

in. Attendance. The per cent of attendance must be not 
less than ninety. 

IV. Teachers. The principal must be a graduate of a state 
Normal School or higher institution of learning or must hold a 
professional certificate or a state certificate of the first class. All 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 11 



teachers must hold First grade county or First grade elementary 
certificates, or certificates of higher rank during the entire school 
year. 

V. School Buildings... Must be suitable for school purposes, 
clean, and well kept. Each school should be provided with foot- 
scrapers and mats. 

VI. Equipment. Each department must be provided with: 

(a) Blackboards. At least 80 square feet — slate 

preferred. 

(b) Unabridged Dictionaries. Must be dictionary, 

recognized as a standard authority. 
(e) Abridged Dictionaries. Several copies — not less 
than five of an unabridged dictionary. 

(d) Supplementary Readers. At least two complete 

sets of supplementary readers for each class or 
grade in addition to the regular basic readers. 

(e) Maps. A complete set of at least eight maps, and 

a state map, mounted on spring rollers in suit- 
able case. 

(f) Globe. A good 12-inch globe — suspension globe 

preferred. 

(g) Desks. Each school room must be equipped with 

suitable seats and desks, properly arranged, for 
the accommodation of all pupils, single seats 
S,nd desks preferred, 
(h) Drinking Water. Each department must be sup- 
plied with a closed receptacle for the drinking 
water for the school and with individual drink- 
ing cups, unless drinking fountains are sup- 
plied. 

VII. Course of Study. The state course of study for rural 
and graded schools must be followed, including the course in do- 
mestic science, manual training and agriculture. 

VIII. Library... Each school must have a well selected 
library of at least 100 volumes to which there must be added year- 
ly books to the amount of at least $17.50. 

IX. Heating and Ventilation. Each school buikling must be 
adequately heated and ventilated in one of the following ways : 

(a) Basement furnace properly installed. 

(b) Patented system of room heating and ventilating, 

properly constructed and installed. 

(c) Home-made system of room heating and venti- 

lating, properly constructed and installed. 

X. Outhouses, Closets. Unless in.side closets are supplied. 



] 2 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



Each building must have two properly built and well kept out- 
houses, some distance apart. 

XI. School Grounds. Must be clean and present an orderly 
and attractive appearance. 

XII. Progress. Each school must show that it has main- 
tained a high standard of efficiency, and has made some improve- 
ment during the year. 



CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS. 

FIRST 
To be entitled to state aid as a SECOND class consolidated 
school, the law and the regulations of this department require : 

1. School Term. Must be not less than nine months during 
the school year. 

2. Departments. To be classified as a graded school of the 
First 4 

Second class there must be at least 2 departments 

3. Attendance. The per cent of attendance must be not less 
than ninety. 

4. Teachers. The principal must be a graduate of a state 
Normal School or higher institution of learning or must hold a 
professional certificate or a state certificate of the first class. All 
teachers must hold First grade county or First grade elementary 
certificates, or certificates of higher rank during the entire school 
year. 

5. School Buildings... Must be suitable for school purposes, 
clean, and well kept. Each school should be provided with foot- 
scrapers and mats. 

6. Equipment. Each department must be provided with : 

(a) Blackboards. At least 80 square feet — slate 

preferred. 

(b) Unabridged Dictionaries. Must be a dictionary, 

recognized as a standard authority. 

(c) Abridged Dictionaries. Several copies — not less 

than five of an abridged dictionary. 

(d) Supplementary Readers. At least two complete 

sets of supplementary readers for each class or 
grade in addition to the regular basic readers. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 13 



(e) Maps. A complete set of at least eight maps, and 

a state map, mounted on spring rollers in suit- 
able ease . 

(f) Globe, A good 12-incli globe — suspension globe 

preferred, 

(g) Desks. Each room must be equipped with suit- 

able seats and desks, properly arranged, for the 
accommodation of all pupils, single seats and 
desks preferred. 
(h) Drinking Water. Each department must be sup- 
plied with a closed receptacle for the drinking 
water for the school and with individual drink- 
ing cups, unless drinking fountains are supplied. 

7. Course of Study. The state course of study for rural and 
graded schools must be followed, including the couse in domestic 
science, manual training and agriculture. 

8. Library. Each school must have a well selected library 
of at least 75 volumes to which there must be added yearly books 
to the amount of at least .i^20.00. 

9. Heating and Ventilation. Each school building must be 
adequately heated and ventilated in one of the following ways : 

(a) Basement furnace properly installed. 

(b) Patented system of room heating and ventilating, 

properly constructed and installed. 
(e) Home-made system of room heating and venti- 
lating, properly constructed and installed. 

10. Outhouses, Closets... Unless inside closets are supplied. 
Each building must have two properly built and well kept out- 
houses, some distance apart. 

11. School Grounds. IMust be clean and present an orderly 
and attractive appearance. 

12. Progress. Each school must show that it has maintain- 
el a high standard of efficiency, and has made some improvement 
during the year. 



FIRST CLASS RURAL SCHOOL. 

To be entitled to state aid as a FIRST class rural school, the 
law and the regulations of this department require : 

1. School Term... Must be not less than nine montlis during 
the school year. 



14 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



2. Attendance. The per cent of attendance must be not less 
than ninety. 

3. Teachers. The teacher must hold a First grade county 
or a First grade elementary certificate, or one of higher rank 
during the entire school year. 

4. School Buildings. Must be suitable for school purposes, 
clean and well kept. Each school should be provided with foot- 
scrapers and mats. 

5. Equipment. Each school must be provided with : 

(a) Blackboards. At least 80 square feet — slate 

preferred. 

(b) Unabridged Dictionaries. Must be a dictionary, 

recognized as a standard authority. 

(c) Abridged Dictionaries. Several copies — not less 

than three of an abridged dictionary. 

(d) Supplementary Readers. At least two complete 

sets of supplementary readers for each class or 
grade in addition to the regular basic readers. 

(e) Maps. A complete set of at least eight maps, and 

a state map, mounted on spring rollers in suit- 
able case. 

(f) Globe. A good 12-inch globe — suspension globe 

preferred. 

(g) Desks. Each school must be equipped with suit- 

able seats and desks, properly arranged, for the 
accommodation of all pupils, single seats and 
desks preferred. 

(h) Drinking Water. Each school must be supplied 
with a closed receptacle for the drinking water 
for school and with individual drinking cups. 

6. Course of Study. The state course of study for rural and 
gr«,ded schools must be followed, including the course in agricul- 
ture. 

7. Library. Each school must have a well selected library 
of at least fifty volumes to which there must be added yearly 
books to the amount of at least $10.00. 

8. Heating and Ventilation... Each school building must be 
adequately heated and ventilated in one of the following ways: 

(a) Basement furnace properly intalled. 

(b) Patented system of room heating and ventilating. 

properly constructed and installed. 

(c) Home-made system of room heating and venti- 

lating, properly constructed and installed. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 15 



9. Outhouses. Each building must have two properly built 
and well kept outhouses, some distance apart. 

10. School Grounds. ]\Iust be clean and present an orderly 
and attractive appearance. 

11. Progress. Each school must show that it has maintained 
a high standard of efficiency, and has made some improvement 
during the year. 



SECOND CLASS RURAL SCHOOLS. 

To be entitled to state aid as a SECOND class rural school, 
the law and the regulations of this department require : 

1. School Term. J\Iust be not less than eight months during 
the school year. 

2. Attendance. The per cent of attendance must be not less 
than ninety. 

.3. Teachers. The teacher must hold a SECOND grade 
county or a SECOND grade elementary certificate, or one of high- 
er rank during the entire school year. 

4. School Buildings... Must be suitable for school purposes, 
clean, and well kept. Each school should be provided with foot- 
scrapers and mats. 

5. Equipment. Each school must be provided with : 

(a) Blackboards. At least 80 square feet slate pre- 

ferred. 

(b) Unabridged Dictionaries. Must be dictionary, 

recognized as a standard authority. 

(c) Abridged Dictionaries. Several copies — not less 

than three of an abridged dictionary. 

(d) Supplementary Readers. At least two complete 

sets of supplementary readers for cacli class or 
grade in addition to the regular basic readers. 

(e) Maps. A complete set of at least eight maps, and 

a state map, mounted on spring rollers in suit- 
able case. 

(f) Globe. A good 12-inch globe — suspension globe 

preferred. 

(g) Desks. Each school must be equipped with suit- 

able seats and desks, properly arranged, for the 
accommodation of all ])npils, singk^ seats and 
desks preferred. 



16 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



(li) Drinking Water. Each school must be supplied 
Avith a closed receptacle for the drinking water 
for school and Avith individual drinking cups. 

6. Course of Study. The state course of study for rural and 
graded schools must be folloM^ed, including the course in agricul- 
ture. 

7. Library. Each school must have a well selected library 
of at least fifty A^olumes to Avhich there must be added yearly 
books to the amount of at least $7.00. 

8. Heating and VentUation. Each school building must be 
adequately heated and ventilated in one of the following Avays: 

(a) Basement furnace properly installed. 

(b) Patented system of room heating and A^entilating, 

properly constructed and installed. 

(c) Home-made system of room heating and A'enti- 

lating, properly constructed and installed. 

9. Outhouses. Each building must have two properly built 
and Avell kept outhouses, some distance apart. 

10. School Grounds. ]\Iust be clean and present an orderly 
and attractive appearance. 

11. Progress, Each school must show that it has maintained 
a high standard of efficiency, and has made some improA^ement 
during the year. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 17 



HEATING AND VENTILATION. 



Among the requirements of the recent law providing for state 
aid, none is of greater importance than that pertaining to the 
heating and ventilation of the school house. This is particularly- 
true as applied to the rural school. 

One of the most encouraging tendencies in educational affairs 
is toward the safe-guarding of the health of pupils. Conditions 
in the school room which aifect the physical well-being of the 
child have a great deal to do with his progress in his studies. It 
is of vastly greater importance that his health, and therefore his 
future success and happiness, depend upon these conditions. 

Most important of sanitary conditions are those that have to 
do with heating and ventilation. The school that is heated with 
a stove is never evenly and uniformly warmed. The floor is gen- 
erally cold. Children near the stove are over-heated and uncom- 
fortable ; they catch cold easily when they go out. Those seated 
some distance from the stove are chilly, and like the over-heated 
ones near the stove, are liable to catch cold. 

All this is a handicap upon the progress of the pupils. Phy- 
sical discomfort leads to poor discipUne, and makes close appli- 
cation to study almost impossible. 

Not only should an even distribution of heat be secured, but 
a system of ventilation must be pro\dded that will furnish a con- 
stant supply of fresh air, without causing drafts. 

It is unnecessary to dwell upon the Avell known fact that air 
loaded with organic impurity is a source of depression of the 
physical powers, of nervous disorders and of tubercular diseases. 

Scientific tests have shoM^n that when pure^ air has been taken 
into the lungs and expelled, its proportion of oxyg-en has been de- 
creased by one-fifth, and its proportion of carbonic acid has been 
increased at least a hundred fold. 

"When practically the same air is breathed over and over in 
the school room, its oxygen is soon exhausted; it becomes laden 
with poisonous gas thrown off from the lungs of each child. ]\Iore- 
over organic poisons and carbonic acid are excreted by the skin. 

Unless ever child is perfectly healthy, this air that has been 
breathed may carry the germs of disease. It is unlikely that the 
children are all perfectly healthy. While not actually sick, some 
will carry the germs of contagious diseases at least in a mild form 
— others vn]\ have perhaps only a slight affection of the throat or 
lungs. The mildest disease germs may Avork havoc when breathed 
])y a child whose vitality is low and whose power to resist is feeble. 
The September. 1010, Bulletin of the North Dakota Board of 
'Health warns us that "a s-iugle pupil carrying witli him any of 



18 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



the germs of scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, 
smallpox, or other diseases of a like nature mav readily infect a 
whole school BEFORE THE TROUBLE IS DETECTED. 

The immediate effects of impure air in the school room are 
thus described bj^ an eminent authority: 

"Children become uncomfortable, fretful, dull, irritable and 
peevish, especially during the last periods. This is by no means 
due simply to mental fatigue ; but body and mind are so depressed 
by the autotoxic products in the air that the ability to work is 
lessened. Mental activity relaxes as a result of bodily weariness, 
which has all the symptoms of poisoning by autotoxic products. 

These facts will serve to show the importance of a method of 
heating that will warm the school room to a temperature of 70 
degrees and maintain a more even distribution of heat than is pos- 
Siible "with an odinary stove ; and which will afford a constant sup- 
ply of fresh air while school is in session." 

MEANS OF VENTILATION. 

In Bulletin No. 15 issued by the Minnesota Department it is 
said that, "Heating and ventilation both depend upon the cir- 
culation of the air. When a room has no ducts for furnishing or 
drawing off air, circulation is slow and heating laborious. The 
leakage at doors and windows, and even through the walls, fur- 
nishes a meager impetus to the circulation. For that reason it gen- 
erally requires more time to warm a room which has no means of 
ventilation than one which has the proper ducts for ventilat- 
ventilation than the one which has the proper duets for ventilat- 
ing. It stands to reason that if heated air can be made to take 
the place of cold air the heating of the room must take place 
more rapidly than if the cold air is retained in the room and heat- 
ed by means of radiation." 

There are two means of ventilation; First, the fan system 
which requires mechanical power for forcing the circiilation^ of 
air ; second, the gravity system, which keeps the air in circulation 
through the difference in specific gravity between warm air and 
cold air. 

The fan system is too elaborate and expensive for rural 
schools. The basement furnace system is likewise beyond reach 
of most of our smaller school buildings in the state. 

The following pages therefore deal principally with the grav- 
ity system as applied to a jacketed stove or to a floor furnace. 
The essentials of such a system are a stove or heater, enclosed 
within a casing or shield which must be as nearly radiation-;Proof 
as possible ; ducts which will provide a fresh air inlet and a foul 
air outlet, both of sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the 
school room ; and dampers by Avhich incoming and outgoing air 
currents may be regulated or entirely closed. 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 19 



A gravity system suitable for any school room may be obtain- 
ed by providing a stove of proper size and shape with a easing 
and other necessary appliances ; or by purchasing a complete sys- 
tem from manufacturers who will install it in the school house. 

It is not the purpose of the Department to establish arbitrary 
rules for the installation of any particular system of heating and 
ventilating. But it is intended to give directors such information as 
will guide them in securing the most available and most econom- 
ical means of heating that will conform to the requirements of the 
state aid law. Also to state as definitely as posssible the require- 
ments that will be enforced by this department in passing upon 
applications for special aid. 

Under separate headings are given, first, requirements for 
installing casing and ventilating attachments with stoves, which 
will be referred to as home-made systems ; second, complete grav- 
ity systems furnished by manufacturers, which are referred to as 
patented systems; and, third, basement furnaces. 



STOVE HEATING WITH HOME-MADE VENTILATING AP- 
PARATUS. 

Experience with jacketed stoves in schools through-out the 
Northwest indicates that home-made systems can safely be ap- 
proved only when installed according to the following recommen- 
dations : 

iChimney. The chimney should be built entirely inside the 
building, or at least with not more than one side exposed. It 
should have a single flue not less than 20in. x 20in. inside measure- 
ment. It should be built from the ground up, resting on a solid 
foundation, and extending at least 4 feet above the highest por- 
tion of the roof. 

Construct a stack inside the chimney to serve as a smoke flue; 
this stack should be 8 inches in diameter, made of No. 16 guage 
steel. Rest the stack on the floor of chimney; provide side braces 
to hold it in place ; extend it 2 feet above chimney top, and place 
a cap above the opening to exclude moisture ; construtc a clean- 
out at the bottom of stack for the removal of soot; place a "T" 
in the stack for connecting smoke pipe at the usual height above 
the floor. 

Foul air will pass out through the space surrounding the steel 
stack inside the chimney; the heat of the stack develops the nec- 
essary upward draft. Double-flue brick chimneys — using one flue 
for smoke and the other for ventilation — do not give satisfactory 
results. 

Foul air Outlet. The opening in chimney which admits the 
foul air current sliould be fitted with a register. This register 
should have an area at least equal to the cross-sectional area of 
chimney flue; cast iron registers should have an area about one- 



20 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



fourth greater owing to the obstruction offered by the register 
face. Two registers may be placed in the chimney to secure the 
necessary area. The bottom of outlet register must be placed at 
the floor line. 

Stove: The stove should be of the Round Oak type, of heavy 
construction, without rims or other projections, and with a small 
base. A base burner should never be used for this purposes. For 
rooms of moderate size the fire pot should not be less than 20in. in 
diameter. 

Shield : The stove must be enclosed within a shield or casing ; 
to be made of Russian iron or plated steel, with a lining if asbes- 
tos and an inside lining of corrugated tin to make it as nearly 
radiation-proof as possible. There should be not less than 8 inch- 
es space between stove and casing ; bottom of casing should be not 
less th^n 8 inches and not more than 14 inches above the tloor ; top 
of casing should be not more than from 6 to 10 inches above top 
of stove. 

A casing resting on the floor, with an opening in the base for 
admitting circulation of air, will not prove satisfactory. 

Fresh Air Intake: The fresh-air intake shall have an area 
as great at least as that of the foul-air flue, exclusive of the smoke 
stack. It must not diminish in size toward the inside. The open- 
ing outside of the building should be screened, and should be pro- 
vided, either with a series of slats for deflecting wind and rain, 
or with a hood or elbow. ■ 

The intake pipe must so enter the space between shield and 
stove as to insure that the fresh air will be thoroughly warmed 
before it finds its way into the room. It has been proved that a 
fresh-air register under the stove does not do the work intended, 
and this would not, therefore, be accepted as meeting the require- 
ments. Such registers tend to spread cold air over the floor be- 
fore it is heated. 

To insure the best results, it is recommended that in con- 
structing an intake for a home-made system a heavy galvanized 
pipe shall be placed underneath the floor to a point below the 
stove. Provide an extension or fitting which shall reach up in- 
side the casing, the opening being at least 4 inches above bottom 
of casing. A damper should be provided in the foul-air pipe by 
which it may be closed. 

PATENTED GRAVITY SYSTEMS. 

For all systems which combine the smoke and foul air cur- 
rents in a single chimney flue, this flue shall be not less than 12in 
xl6 in. clear on the inside throughout its entire length. 

The foul-air ventilator leading into the chimney shall be at 
least the equivalent of 12 inches in diameter. 

The fresh-air intake shall be as large, at least, as the foul-air 
ventilator, and preferably larger. The requirements for the con- 



STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 21 



struction of the casing aud its adjustment to the heater, and for 
introducing fresh air at a point above bottom of casing, are the 
same as those set forth in regard to home-made systems. 

BASEMENT PLANTS. 

1. Steam. This is practicable only in the larger buildings, 

and whenever possible, a fan should be used in con- 
nection in order to insure abundant and steady venti- 
lation. When steam is used in comiection with a 
gravity system of ventilation, the following require- 
ments should be observed: 

(a) The fresh air imist be brought into the building 
through a stack of steam coils placed in the in- 
take in the basement. This stack of coils should 
have ample heating capacity to heat the air to 
at least a temperature of 80 degress in the cold- 
est weather before it is discharged to the def fer- 
ent school rooms. 

(b) The flues admitting the warm fresh air to the 
school rooms must have a horizontal cross-sec- 
tion area of not less than one square foot for 
every ten persons that the room will accommo- 
date. 

(c) The Fresh Air flues should open into the school 
room through an opening in the wall about sev- 
en feet from the floor, and not through registers 
in the floor. 

(d) Each room must be provided with foul air flues 
of approximately the same size as the fresh air 
flues, and must be located on the same side of 
the room. 

(e) Each foul air flue must be provided with steam 
coils so as to produce sufficient heat to induct a 
strong upward current of the air in the flue. 

(f) Registers in the foul air flue must be large 
enough to allow for grill work, and the lower 
edge of the register must be level Avith the floor. 

2. Furnace. 

if a basement hot air furnace is installed, is should be 
of ample capacity so that it will not Jieed to be crowd- 
ed, even in the coldest weather. In installing a fur- 
nace, the following requirements nuist be observed : 

(a) Fresh air must be brought into the building 
through the ])asement and heated before it is 
sent to the rooms. 



22 STATE AID TO SCHOOLS 



(b) A hot air flue leading from the furnace to the 
school rooms should be made of brick, or heavy 
galvanized iron covered with asbestos, and 
should have a cross-section area of lot less than 
20x20 inches for each room of ordinary size. 
For extremely large rooms, correspondingly lar- 
ger flues should be used. 

(c) The hot air flues should open into the school 
room through an opening in the wall about sev- 
en feet from the floor. In no case should the hot 
air be brought into the room through registers 
in the floor. 

(d) When the building consists of only one or two 
rooms, then the most convenient way for re- 
moving the foul air is by means of a large chim- 
ney with a steel stack 8 inches in diameter in 
the center. Such a chimney should be at least 
20x20 inches clear on the inside for a single 
room, and correspondingly larger for a two- 
room building. The registers should be placed 
in this chimney, so that the lower edge of 
register in each case will be on a level with the 
floor. The fresh and foul air flues must be on 
tlie same side of the room. 

(e) Experience seems to indicate that it is more or 
less unsatisfactory to try to heat and ventilate 
a school building of more than two rooms with 
a hot air basement furnace, but when this is un- 
dertaken a foul air flue of the required size 
should be provided for each school room. These 
foul air flues should be so located that as far as 
possible, they may be between or adjacent to a 
hot air flue. 



GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. 

Condition of Building. Under no conditions will a system 
ventilate the school room properly if any considerable quantity of 
air is permitted to enter the room through windows and doors, 
openings in the floor or in the ceiling. Tight walls and ceilings, 
tight floors, and close fitting doors and windows are essential to 
the proper working of air inlets and outlets connected with any 
system. 

Cost of Fuel. Where the common stove is to be replaced by 
a system that will change the air several times every hour, school 
boards need not worry overmuch about the added cost of fuel. 
Often no more fuel is necessary, and this is the explanation : 
When the room is heated by a stove or furnace without any at- 



STATE AID TO SCITOOIiS 23 



taehment for changing the air, then, in order to maintain the de- 
sired temperature in the space within six feet of the lioor occu- 
pied hy the teacher and pupils, the air above and to the ceiling 
is of necessity much hotter, and a waste of heat is thus entailed. 
A good system forces the cold air out i'rom off the floor, and 
draws the hot air down, making the temperature near ceiling and 
floor practically uniform, and calling for a lower average temper- 
ature than a system that does not evenly distribute the heat. 

A Caution. "Wlien a home-made system is put in, great care 
should be exercised to see that it is properly constructed and in- 
stalled; otherwise it may fail to give satisfactory results. 

In JMinnesota, where gravity systems have been in use for 
several years, the Department of Public Instruction offers this 
suggestion in its Bulletin to School Boards : 

''Probably the best and easiest way for a board of education 
to get a good system of heating and ventilation is for it, after con- 
ference Avitli the county superintendent, to make the purchase 
from a firm of unquestioned reliability, which will install a sys- 
tem under a rigid guaranty to do the work. Then the county super- 
intendent can test the system with the anemonu^ter and thermom- 
eter before the board pays for it. ' ' 

The above paragraph is followed by quoting this advice from 
State Superintendent Gary of "Wisconsin — another state in which 
a great many gravity systems are in use : 

''The board members should be constantly on their guard 
against cheap and unsatisfactory ventilating apparatus recom- 
mended by persons not regularly engaged in the business of sup- 
plying such appliances. The home-made appliances devised by 
local dealers cannot be safely relied upon. It is practically use- 
less to pay out money for the installment of any kind of heating 
and ventilating apparatus unless the arrangements and applianc- 
es for its successful operation are provided." 

In all districts applying for State Aid the board and teach- 
ers must be able to show that there has been strict compliance 
with each and every provision of law regarding the teaching of 
special subjects, the construction of proper outbuildings, the plac- 
ing of fire-escapes and the care of school grounds. 

School boards are urged to procure suitable plans for school 
houses before contracts for new buildings are let. We recommend 
that a competent architect be employed and that his compensation 
be agreed upon in Avriting before any services are rendered. 

In the preparation of this pamphlet we are indebted to Supt. 
C. G. Schultz of Minnesota and Supt C. P. Gary of Wisconsin. 
Respectfully submitted, 

E. J. TAYLOR, 
Supt. Public Instruction. 

Bismarck, N. Dak., August 1st, 1911 



